Prognostic value of inflammation and immune-related gene NOD2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Inflammation and immune responses play important roles in cancer development and prognosis. We identified 59 upregulated inflammation- and immune-related genes (IIRGs) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Among the upregulated IIRGs, nucleotide binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), PYD and CARD domain (PYCARD) were also confirmed to be upregulated in the Oncomine database and in three independent GEO data sets. Tumor immune infiltration resource database analysis revealed that NOD2 and PYCARD levels were significantly positively correlated with infiltration levels of B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells. Multivariate Cox hazards regression analysis indicated that based on clinical variables (age, gender, tumor grade, pathological TNM stage), NOD2, but not PYCARD, was an independent, unfavorable ccRCC prognostic biomarker. Functional enrichment analyses (GSEA) showed that NOD2 was involved in innate immune responses, inflammatory responses, and regulation of cytokine secretion. Meanwhile, mRNA and protein levels of NOD2 were elevated in four ccRCC cell lines (786-O, ACHN, A498 and Caki-1), and its knockdown significantly inhibited IL-8 secretion, thereby inhibiting ccRCC cell proliferation and invasion. Furthermore, results showed that miR-20b-5p targeted NOD2 to alleviate NOD2-mediated IL-8 secretion. In conclusion, NOD2 is a potential prognostic biomarker for ccRCC and the miR-20b-5p/NOD2/IL-8 axis may regulate inflammation- and immune-mediated tumorigenesis in ccRCC.

PDMS-embedded wearable FBG sensors for gesture recognition and communication assistance.

This study introduces fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silicone elastomer specifically engineered for recognizing intricate gestures like wrist pitch, finger bending, and mouth movement. Sensors with different PDMS patch thicknesses underwent evaluation including thermal, tensile strain, and bending deformation characterization, demonstrating a stability of at least four months. Experiments revealed the FBG sensors' accurate wrist pitch recognition across participants after calibration, confirmed by statistical metrics and Bland-Altman plots. Utilizing finger and mouth movements, the developed system shows promise in assisting post-stroke patients and individuals with disabilities, enhancing their interaction capabilities with the external surroundings.

Portable optical fiber biosensors integrated with smartphone: technologies, applications, and challenges [Invited].

The increasing demand for individualized health monitoring and diagnostics has prompted considerable research into the integration of portable optical fiber biosensors integrated with smartphones. By capitalizing on the benefits offered by optical fibers, these biosensors enable qualitative and quantitative biosensing across a wide range of applications. The integration of these sensors with smartphones, which possess advanced computational power and versatile sensing capabilities, addresses the increasing need for portable and rapid sensing solutions. This extensive evaluation thoroughly examines the domain of optical fiber biosensors in conjunction with smartphones, including hardware complexities, sensing approaches, and integration methods. Additionally, it explores a wide range of applications, including physiological and chemical biosensing. Furthermore, the review provides an analysis of the challenges that have been identified in this rapidly evolving area of research and concludes with relevant suggestions for the progression of the field.

Advances in chemical removal and degradation technologies for microplastics in the aquatic environment: A review.

In recent years, global attention has been extensively focused on the water pollution and health risks caused by microplastics(MPs), thereby making the treatment of microplastics a key area of research. Chemical removal and degradation present effective approaches to addressing this issue. Consequently, this review summarizes the latest research advancements in the chemical removal and degradation of microplastics in water, comparing the treatment efficacy and advantages and disadvantages of various removal/degradation techniques. It elucidates the chemical mechanisms underlying the removal/degradation of microplastics and identifies the primary influencing factors during the treatment process. A systematic analysis of the performance of microplastic treatment technologies is conducted, examining the impact of microplastic characteristics, operational conditions, and other parameters on the effectiveness of microplastic treatment.

Wearable strain sensor integrating mechanoluminescent fiber with a flexible printed circuit.

This paper reports an optical strain sensor that integrates a self-powered mechanoluminescent (ML) elastic fiber with a flexible circuit. The inclusion of an alumina nanoparticle as the additive results in seven-fold enhancement of ML intensity while maintaining flexibility of 120% strain. The sensor facilitates the detection of strain and stretching speed. It attains a sensitivity of 0.0022 lx/(1% strain) and a resolution of 0.2% strain, respectively. We have successfully applied it to detect bending motions of the finger, wrist, and elbow. This wearable strain sensor holds promise for diverse applications in wearable technology.

Application of Biotechniques for In Vitro Virus and Viroid Elimination in Pome Fruit Crops.

Sustainable production of pome fruit crops is dependent upon having virus-free planting materials. The production and distribution of plants derived from virus- and viroid-negative sources is necessary not only to control pome fruit viral diseases but also for sustainable breeding activities, as well as the safe movement of plant materials across borders. With variable success rates, different in vitro-based techniques, including shoot tip culture, micrografting, thermotherapy, chemotherapy, and shoot tip cryotherapy, have been employed to eliminate viruses from pome fruits. Higher pathogen eradication efficiencies have been achieved by combining two or more of these techniques. An accurate diagnosis that confirms complete viral elimination is crucial for developing effective management strategies. In recent years, considerable efforts have resulted in new reliable and efficient virus detection methods. This comprehensive review documents the development and recent advances in biotechnological methods that produce healthy pome fruit plants. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

0.5-bit/s/Hz fine-grained adaptive OFDM modulation for bandlimited underwater VLC.

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a 0.5-bit/s/Hz fine-grained adaptive orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme for bandlimited underwater visible light communication (UVLC) systems. Particularly, integer spectral efficiency is obtained by conventional OFDM with quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations, while fractional spectral efficiency is obtained by two newly proposed dual-frame OFDM designs. More specifically, OFDM with dual-frame binary phase-shift keying (DF-BPSK) is designed to achieve a spectral efficiency of 0.5 bit/s/Hz, while OFDM with dual-frame dual-mode index modulation (DF-DMIM) is designed to realize the spectral efficiencies of 0.5+n bits/s/Hz with n being a positive integer (i.e., n = 1, 2, …). The feasibility and superiority of the proposed 0.5-bit/s/Hz fine-grained adaptive OFDM modulation scheme in bandlimited UVLC systems are successfully verified by simulations and proof-of-concept experiments. Experimental results demonstrate that a significant achievable rate gain of 18.6 Mbps can be achieved by the proposed 0.5-bit/s/Hz fine-grained adaptive OFDM modulation in comparison to the traditional 1-bit/s/Hz granularity adaptive OFDM scheme, which corresponds to a rate improvement of 22.1%.

Prevalence and risk factors of cognitive frailty among pre-frail and frail older adults in nursing homes.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this research was to stratify the level of frailty to examine the risk factors associated with reversible cognitive frailty (RCF) and potentially reversible cognitive frailty (PRCF) in nursing homes to provide a basis for hierarchical management in different stages of frailty. METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional study conducted from September to November 2022; 504 people were selected by stratified random sampling after convenience selection from the Home for the Aged Guangzhou. The structured questionnaire survey was conducted through face-to-face interviews using the general data questionnaire, Fried Frailty Phenotype, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale. RESULTS: In total, 452 individuals were included for analysis. A total of 229 cases (50.7%) were PRCF, 70 (15.5%) were RCF. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that in pre-frailty, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) score (odds ratio (OR) 1.802; 95% CI 1.308-2.483), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale (IADL) score (0.352; 0.135-0.918) and energy (0.288; 0.110-0.755) were influencing factors of RCF. GDS-15 score (1.805; 1.320-2.468), IADL score (0.268; 0.105-0.682), energy (0.377; 0.150-0.947), lack of intellectual activity (6.118; 1.067-35.070), admission time(>3 years) (9.969; 1.893-52.495) and low education (3.465; 1.211-9.912) were influencing factors of PRCF. However, RCF with frailty was associated with the Short-Form Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA-SF) score (0.301; 0.123-0.739) and low education time (0 ~ 12 years) (0.021; 0.001-0.826). PRCF with frailty was associated with age (1.327; 1.081-1.629) and weekly exercise time (0.987; 0.979-0.995). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of RCF and PRCF was high among pre-frail and frail older adults in nursing homes. Different levels of frailty had different influencing factors for RCF and PRCF. Depression, daily living ability, energy, intellectual activity, admission time, education level, nutrition status, age and exercise time were associated with RCF and PRCF. Hierarchical management and intervention should be implemented for different stages of frailty to prevent or delay the progression of cognitive frailty.

Cascaded plastic optical fiber based SPR sensor for simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature.

A cascaded side-polish plastic optical fiber (POF) and FONTEX optical fiber based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is proposed for simultaneous measurement of refractive index (RI) and temperature. The side-polish POF and FONTEX optical fiber are connected by using the UV glue in a Teflon plastic tube. The SPR phenomenon can be excited at both of the side-polish region and the FONTEX fiber cladding. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is coated on the side-polish POF to get a temperature sensing channel. Due to the low RI sensitivity of the FONTEX optical fiber, the cascaded fiber sensor can obtain a broader RI measurement range with a low crosstalk. An RI sensitivity of 700 nm/RIU in the RI measurement range of 1.335-1.39 and a temperature sensitivity of -1.02 nm/°C measured in deionized water with a range of 20-60 °C are obtained. In addition, the cascaded POF based SPR sensor has potential application prospects in the field of biochemical sensing.

Optical Microfiber Intelligent Sensor: Wearable Cardiorespiratory and Behavior Monitoring with a Flexible Wave-Shaped Polymer Optical Microfiber.

With the advantages of high flexibility, strong real-time monitoring capabilities, and convenience, wearable devices have shown increasingly powerful application potential in medical rehabilitation, health monitoring, the Internet of Things, and human-computer interaction. In this paper, we propose a novel and wearable optical microfiber intelligent sensor based on a wavy-shaped polymer optical microfiber (WPOMF) for cardiorespiratory and behavioral monitoring of humans. The optical fibers based on polymer materials are prepared into optical microfibers, fully using the advantages of the polymer material and optical microfibers. The prepared polymer optical microfiber is designed into a flexible wave-shaped structure, which enables the WPOMF sensor to have higher tensile properties and detection sensitivity. Cardiorespiratory and behavioral detection experiments based on the WPOMF sensor are successfully performed, which demonstrates the high sensitivity and stability potential of the WPOMF sensor when performing wearable tasks. Further, the success of the AI-assisted medical keyword pronunciation recognition experiment fully demonstrates the feasibility of integrating AI technology with the WPOMF sensor, which can effectively improve the intelligence of the sensor as a wearable device. As an optical microfiber intelligent sensor, the WPOMF sensor offers broad application prospects in disease monitoring, rehabilitation medicine, the Internet of Things, and other fields.

Research on the application of inertially stabilized platform in the dynamic measurement of cold atomic gravimeter.

Dynamic gravity field measurement based on the cold atom absolute gravity measurement system has important applications in geological exploration, gravity field mapping and other fields. The inertial stabilized platform is the key component of the dynamic cold atom absolute gravity measurement system, which can isolate the interference of carrier angle motion and keep the atomic gravimeter probe in the horizontal attitude during the measurement process. In this paper, according to the dynamic measurement requirements of atomic gravimeter, a high-precision two-axis inertial stabilized platform system is designed. The relationship between attitude angle and gravity measurement error is analyzed, and the stability of the system is enhanced by lead-lag method. Then the static vertical vibration power spectrum of the platform is measured to consider its influence on dynamic gravity measurement. Finally, a dynamic gravity test experiment was conducted in the Yellow Sea to verify the attitude control accuracy of the platform, and the attitude data of the platform under different heading were evaluated. The attitude standard deviation of the platform was better than 4 × 10-5 rad, and the absolute gravity standard deviation of the linear round-trip measurement reached 1.49 mGal. The experimental data show that the inertial stabilized platform can meet the dynamic measurement requirements of the cold atom gravimeter.

Retrospective Study on Genetic Diversity and Drug Resistance among People Living with HIV at an AIDS Clinic in Beijing.

(1) Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of genetic diversity and drug resistance mutations among people living with HIV (PLWH) attending clinics in Beijing. (2) Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on PLWH admitted to the Fifth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital between 1 March 2013 and 31 July 2020. The participants were analyzed for pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) and acquired drug resistance (ADR). Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was utilized to amplify the pol gene from plasma RNA samples obtained from the participants. Genotypic and HIV drug resistance were determined using the Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database. Univariate and multifactorial logistic analyses were used to assess the risk factors for PDR. (3) Results: The overall prevalence rates of PDR and ADR were 12.9% and 27.8%, respectively. Individuals treated with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) exhibited the highest prevalence of mutations. Specific mutation sites, such as V179D for NNRTIs and M184V and K65R for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), were identified as prevalent mutations. Individuals treated with efavirenz (EFV) and nevirapine (NVP) were found to be susceptible to developing resistance. The multifactorial regression analyses indicated that the factors of circulating recombination form (CRF) genotype CRF07-BC and a high viral load were associated with an increased risk of PDR. CRF01-AE and CRF07-BC were the most prevalent HIV genotypes in our study. (4) Conclusions: The distribution of HIV genotypes in Beijing is complex. There is a need for baseline screening for HIV drug resistance among ART-naive individuals, as well as timely testing for drug resistance among ART-experienced individuals.

Porous Tellurium-Doped Ruthenium Dioxide Nanotubes for Enhanced Acidic Water Oxidation.

Electrocatalysts with high activity and durability for acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) play a crucial role in achieving cost-effective hydrogen production via proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. A novel electrocatalyst, Te-doped RuO2 (Te-RuO2 ) nanotubes, synthesized using a template-directed process, which significantly enhances the OER performance in acidic media is reported. The Te-RuO2 nanotubes exhibit remarkable OER activity in acidic media, requiring an overpotential of only 171 mV to achieve an anodic current density of 10 mA cm-2 . Furthermore, they maintain stable chronopotentiometric performance under 10 mA cm-2 in acidic media for up to 50 h. Based on the experimental results and density functional calculations, this significant improvement in OER performance to the synergistic effect of large specific surface area and modulated electronic structure resulting from the doping of Te cations is attributed.

Efficient and stable acidic CO2 electrolysis to formic acid by a reservoir structure design.

Electrochemical synthesis of valuable chemicals and feedstocks through carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction in acidic electrolytes can surmount the considerable CO2 loss in alkaline and neutral conditions. However, achieving high productivity, while operating steadily in acidic electrolytes, remains a big challenge owing to the severe competing hydrogen evolution reaction. Here, we show that vertically grown bismuth nanosheets on a gas-diffusion layer can create numerous cavities as electrolyte reservoirs, which confine in situ-generated hydroxide and potassium ions and limit inward proton diffusion, producing locally alkaline environments. Based on this design, we achieve formic acid Faradaic efficiency of 96.3% and partial current density of 471 mA cm-2 at pH 2. When operated in a slim continuous-flow electrolyzer, the system exhibits a full-cell formic acid energy efficiency of 40% and a single pass carbon efficiency of 79% and performs steadily over 50 h. We further demonstrate the production of pure formic acid aqueous solution with a concentration of 4.2 weight %.

Maternal dominance contributes to subgenome differentiation in allopolyploid fishes.

Teleost fishes, which are the largest and most diverse group of living vertebrates, have a rich history of ancient and recent polyploidy. Previous studies of allotetraploid common carp and goldfish (cyprinids) reported a dominant subgenome, which is more expressed and exhibits biased gene retention. However, the underlying mechanisms contributing to observed 'subgenome dominance' remains poorly understood. Here we report high-quality genomes of twenty-one cyprinids to investigate the origin and subsequent subgenome evolution patterns following three independent allopolyploidy events. We identify the closest extant relatives of the diploid progenitor species, investigate genetic and epigenetic differences among subgenomes, and conclude that observed subgenome dominance patterns are likely due to a combination of maternal dominance and transposable element densities in each polyploid. These findings provide an important foundation to understanding subgenome dominance patterns observed in teleost fishes, and ultimately the role of polyploidy in contributing to evolutionary innovations.

Mechanisms of Actinidia chinensis Planch in treating colon cancer based on the integration of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental verification.

BACKGROUND: As an anticancer Chinese herbal medicine, the effective components and mechanism of Actinidia chinensis Planch (ACP, Tengligen) in the treatment of colon cancer are still unclear. In the present study, the integration of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and cell experiments was employed to study the effective mechanism of ACP against colon cancer. METHODS: The Venn diagram and STRING database were used to construct the protein-protein interaction network (PPI) of ACP-colon cancer, and further topological analysis was used to obtain the key target genes of ACP in colon cancer. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were used to visualize the related functions and pathways. Molecular docking between key targets and compounds was determined using software such as AutoDockTools. Finally, the effect of ACP on CT26 cells was observed in vitro. RESULTS: The study identified 40 ACP-colon key targets, including CASP3, CDK2, GSK3B, and PIK3R1. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses found that these genes were involved in 211 biological processes and 92 pathways, among which pathways in cancer, PI3K-Akt, p53, and cell cycle might be the main pathways of ACP against colon cancer. Molecular docking verified that the key components of ACP could stably bind to the corresponding targets. The experimental results showed that ACP could inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, and downregulate the phosphorylation of PIK3R1, Akt, and GSK3B in CT26 cells. CONCLUSION: ACP is an anti-colon cancer herb with multiple components, and involvement of multiple target genes and signaling pathways. ACP can significantly inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells, which may be closely related to the regulation of PI3K/AKT/GSK3B signal transduction.

The clinical value of glycosylated hemoglobin level in newly diagnosed ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical value of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in newly diagnosed ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes (KPD). Methods: A total of 330 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2DM) hospitalized in our department with an average age of 48.72 ± 13.07 years old were selected and divided into T2DM group (193 cases) and KPD group (137 cases) according to whether they were combined with ketosis. According to the quartile level of HbA1c, they were divided into group A (HbA1c < 8.90%, 84 cases), group B (8.90%≤HbA1c < 10.70%, 86 cases), group C (10.70%≤HbA1c ≤ 12.40%, 85 cases) and group D (HbA1c > 12.40%, 75 cases). The general clinical features, laboratory indicators and islet function of each group were compared. Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between HbA1c and ß- Hydroxybutyric acid (ß- HB) and islet function. ROC curve was used to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of HbA1c in diagnosing KPD, and the optimal tangent point was obtained. Results: HbA1c, ß-HB, FFA, RBG, insulin dosage, GSP, OGTT (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3h) in KPD group were significantly higher than those in T2DM group (P< 0.001). HDL-C, IRT (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3h), HOMA-ß, HOMA-IR, HOMA-IS, ΔC30/ΔG30, AUC insulin were significantly lower than those in T2DM group (P< 0.001). With the increase of HbA1c level, the incidence of ketosis, ß-HB, FFA and insulin dosage increased, while IRT (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3h), ΔC30/ΔG30, AUC insulin, HOMA-ß and HOMA-IS decreased accordingly (P< 0.001). In all newly diagnosed T2DM patients, Spearman correlation analysis showed that HbA1c was positively correlated with ß-HB (r=0.539, P < 0.001), and was negatively correlated with HOMA-ß (r=-0.564, P < 0.001), HOMA-IS (r=-0.517, P < 0.01, P < 0.001), HOMA-IR (r=-0.177, P < 0.001), ΔC30/ΔG30 (r=-0.427, P < 0.01) and AUC insulin (r=-0.581, P < 0.001). In ROC curve analysis, the optimal threshold for the diagnosis of KPD was 10.15%, Youden index was 0.616, area under the curve (AUC) was 0.882, sensitivity = 92.70%, specificity = 70.50%. Conclusion: In newly diagnosed T2DM patients, if HbA1c > 10.15%, it is more likely to develop KPD. Monitoring HbA1c level is conducive to timely detection of high-risk individuals with KPD and taking appropriate measures to prevent the occurrence and development of the disease.

Ancient genomes reveal millet farming-related demic diffusion from the Yellow River into southwest China.

The study of southwest China is vital for understanding the dispersal and development of farming because of the coexistence of millet and rice in this region since the Neolithic period.1,2 However, the process of the Neolithic transition in southwest China is largely unknown, mainly due to the lack of ancient DNA from the Neolithic period. Here, we report genome-wide data from 11 human samples from the Gaoshan and Haimenkou sites with mixed farming of millet and rice dating to between 4,500 and 3,000 years before present in southwest China. The two ancient groups derived approximately 90% of their ancestry from the Neolithic Yellow River farmers, suggesting a demic diffusion of millet farming to southwest China. We inferred their remaining ancestry to be derived from a Hòabìnhian-related hunter-gatherer lineage. We did not detect rice farmer-related ancestry in the two ancient groups, which indicates that they likely adopted rice farming without genetic assimilation. We, however, observed rice farmer-related ancestry in the formation of some present-day Tibeto-Burman populations. Our results suggested the occurrence of both demic and cultural diffusion in the development of Neolithic mixed farming in some parts of southwest China.

Epsilon-MnO2 simply prepared by redox precipitation as an efficient catalyst for ciprofloxacin degradation by activating peroxymonosulfate.

Four kinds of manganese oxides were successfully prepared by hydrothermal and redox precipitation methods, and the obtained oxides were used for CIP removal from water by activating PMS. The microstructure and surface properties of four oxides were systematically characterized. The results showed that ε-MnO2 prepared by the redox precipitation method had large surface area, low crystallinity, high surface Mn(III)/Mn(Ⅳ) ratio and the highest activation efficiency for PMS, that is, when the concentration of PMS was 0.6 g/L, 0.2 g/L ε-MnO2 could degrade 93% of CIP within 30 min. Multiple active oxygen species, such as sulfate radical, hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen, were found in CIP degradation, among which sulfate radical was the most important one. The degradation reaction mainly occurred on the surface of the catalyst, and the surface hydroxyl group played an important role in the degradation. The catalyst could be regenerated in situ through the redox reaction between Mn4+ and Mn3+. The ε-MnO2 had the advantages of simple preparation, good stability and excellent performance, which provided the potential for developing new green antibiotic removal technology.

Gerhardtite as a Precursor to an Efficient CO-to-Acetate Electroreduction Catalyst.

Carbon-carbon coupling electrochemistry on a conventional copper (Cu) catalyst still undergoes low selectivity among many different multicarbon (C2+) chemicals, posing a grand challenge to achieve a single C2+ product. Here, we demonstrate a laser irradiation synthesis of a gerhardtite mineral, Cu2(OH)3NO3, as a catalyst precursor to make a Cu catalyst with abundant stacking faults under reducing conditions. Such structural perturbation modulates electronic microenvironments of Cu, leading to improved d-electron back-donation to the antibonding orbital of *CO intermediates and thus strengthening *CO adsorption. With increased *CO coverage on the defect-rich Cu, we report an acetate selectivity of 56 ± 2% (compared to 31 ± 1% for conventional Cu) and a partial current density of 222 ± 7 mA per square centimeter in CO electroreduction. When run at 400 mA per square centimeter for 40 h in a flow reactor, this catalyst produces 68.3 mmol of acetate throughout. This work highlights the value of a Cu-containing mineral phase in accessing suitable structures for improved selectivity to a single desired C2+ product.